The rotator cuff comprises four tendons — the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis; each of them attaches a muscle of the same name to the scapula (shoulder blade) and the humerus, or upper arm bone (see illustration). Pain complaints that affect the shoulder girdle region are common causes of orthopedic appointments. These include the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, and teres minor which function to assist in glenohumeral (GH) elevation and rotation. 33972488. Traumatic injuries to the short external rotator muscles of the hip are rare. 7% in those 20 years and younger increasing to 62% in patients 80 years and older (whether or not symptoms were present). b. If you have tendinitis, it means that your tendons are inflamed or irritated. Rotator cuff injuries tend to increase with age. EXAMINATION FOR ROTATOR CUFF PATHOLOGY. All four rotator cuff muscles originate from areas of the scapula and insert onto the humeral head. 1. Rotator cuff dysfunction is typically a continuum of pathology ranging from tendinitis and bursitis to partial tearing to complete tearing in one or more of the tendons. Background Altered hip kinematics resulting from hip muscle weakness has been proposed as a contributing. It is one of the six muscles in the lateral rotator group . Purpose: To retrospectively determine the frequency of posterior and anterior cystic abnormalities at rotator cuff insertion site on the greater tuberosity and to determine their relationship to patient age and rotator cuff disorders. 1 Epidemiological studies have shown that rotator cuff tears are one of the most common causes of shoulder pain and movement. g. 0000000000000310. Age plays a significant role. If your hand isn’t stretched high above your head, there’s a decent chance you have a damaged rotator cuff. Follow these simple steps when using athletic tape to help immobilize the rotator cuff and shoulder muscles: Start with laying three strips of athletic tape over the shoulder with the one end starting on the anterior chest and continuing over the shoulder ending on the shoulder blade. 011A may differ. Background: Chronic non-traumatic rotator cuff tendon tears are inextricably linked with the natural process of aging often resulting in severe disability, poor quality of life and an added burden to the health care system. Purpose: To assess adverse effects of preoperative corticosteroid injections (CSIs) in patients with rotator cuff disease, especially before rotator cuff repair (RCR). Radiology report. Erotica is literature or art that deals substantively with subject matter that is erotic, sexually stimulating or sexually arousing. Recap. Our rotator platform also offers a hydraulic dual H-Beam style outrigger system (seen below) that provides a wider stance than any other competing rotator outrigger system. Rotator cuff tendonitis is the mildest form of rotator cuff injury. This level of success can be attributed to making versatility a priority. Introduction. To further explain the vital. It effectively holds the upper arm bone in the shoulder joint and allows you to move your arm up, down, back and forth. It lets the arm move in many more directions than a typical hinge joint like the. 0, range 19-59 years) and 37 females (mean age 41. It’s also called a complete. Symptoms may include pain that keeps coming back, muscle weakness, limited ability to move your arm, and grating or cracking sounds when moving your arm. g. We present a structured physical examination protocol for evaluation of the rotator cuff. Directed by Nagisa Ōshima, In The Realm of the Senses is based on the true story of Sada Abe. Features. We have four tendons in the shoulder, which is the most complex joint in the human body because it's. Rotator cuff disease is damage to the rotator cuff from any cause. Mechanical detachment of the t. LED sirens , beacons and emergency lights functional (custom data by me) NON ELS. Although many people with shoulder pain will be found to suffer from tendinosis. A rotator cuff tear is a rip in the group of four muscles and tendons that stabilize your shoulder joint and let you lift and rotate your arms (your rotator cuff). Pain with overhead activity, localizing to the deltoid region, and loss of active range of motion of the shoulder are among the most common presenting symptoms. Literature survey: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (from inception to 1 July, 2019). They include supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and. A rotator cuff injury can cause a dull ache in the shoulder that worsens at night. Physiotherapy is the backbone of conservative management of rotator cuff related injuries (Kuhn 2019 ; Lin et al. Methods: Ninety SD rats were randomly divided into electro-acupuncture group, model group and blank control group, and models of rotator. Further, the effects of the eccentric training for rotator cuff tendinopathy were only evaluated on pain, function and strength. Get free rules, notes, crosswalks, synonyms, history for ICD-10 code M75. 122. Step 2: Lift your injured arm at the elbow with your unaffected arm. 1097/JSA. A rotator cuff tear may be associated with pain, instability, and restriction in range of motion. Treatment is typically based on degree of dysfunction, pain, quality of tendons and muscles of the rotator cuff, location of the tear, and. The treatment of massive rotator cuff tears poses a challenge to orthopedic surgeons. The aim of the current study was to elucidate the detailed anatomy of the rotator cuff tendons in association with the. 1. Conclusions: The teres minor was normal in most rotator cuff tears. The rotator cuff attaches the humerus to the shoulder blade and helps to lift and rotate your arm. Abstract Rotator cuff tears (RCTs) are a common cause of disability and pain in the adult population. Over time, the rotator cuff can tear due to repetitive use. Second, the infraspinatus and teres minor merge near its myotendinous union. The study was HIPAA compliant. This can happen when the cuff is weak, the bursa is swollen or if there is a bone spur present. 3 mm. erotic: [adjective] of, devoted to, or tending to arouse sexual love or desire. This exercise is your best bet at targetting these rotator cuff muscles, as shown in the following two EMG graphs from a 2004 analysis of the rotator cuff muscles. 5. 10. 5) Helps warm-up rotator cuff muscles. However, for some of these patients, a new less-invasive balloon procedure could be the answer. These trials included 339 participants with full-thickness rotator cuff tears diagnosed with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or ultrasound examination. Increasing age has been associated with increased rates of re-tear following rotator cuff repair. However, for some of these patients, a new less-invasive balloon procedure could be the answer. While rotator cuff tears are most common in people over 60, rotator cuff injuries can occur at any age and are most frequently seen in athletes and heavy laborers. Patient factors. Rotator Cuff Anatomy stock photos are available in a variety of sizes and. Thus, rotator cuff tears are often associated with loss of shoulder strength and stability, which are crucial for optimal shoulder function. The information contained in these standards of care or protocols is not intended in any way to be used as primary medical advice or to replace medical advice offered by physical, occupational, speech therapists or other health care professionals. This is a prospective study with four groups of patients with the following diseases: 1. So, we conducted our study to compare the efficacy of deep prolotherapy (glucose 25%), platelet-rich plasma (PRP),. Horizontal Rows Secure theraband around a stable object, like a pole Patient can either kneel or stand . Most rotator cuff injuries heal with conservative treatment; however, a transcutaneous electric nerve stimulator (TENS) may help speed up this process, according to the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons (AAOS). The pain occurring from rotator cuff injury occurs at the outer side of shoulder and the upper arm. These muscles and tendons surround the shoulder joint like a cuff and provide stability. It can help improve rotator cuff strength or improve neuromuscular control of this muscle group. new mepore. Having stiffness in your shoulder. 1 Rotator cuff injuries are the first cause of painful. Browse 470 authentic rotator cuff stock photos, high-res images, and pictures, or explore additional rotator cuff injury or rotator cuff anatomy stock images to find the right photo at the right size and resolution for your project. And most do not have symptoms of shoulder pain or loss of shoulder and arm function. "This procedure basically tries to place a temporary spacer between the humeral head and the rest of the scapula (shoulder blade). Keep your elbow bent and against your body and slowly rotate your arm at the shoulder, raising the weight to a vertical position. Repair of RCTs has been shown to improve pain and restore shoulder function. All MRI studies were done with a 3. During the. The rotator cuff is a group of four muscles and their tendons, important in stabilizing the glenohumeral joint: supraspinatus: abduction. Short description: Strain of musc/tend the rotator cuff of right shoulder, init The 2024 edition of ICD-10-CM S46. If left untreated, rotator cuff injuries may cause severe pain as well as a decrease in range of motion and the ability to use the arm. For individuals with massive rotator cuff tears, the anterior deltoid programme is a useful starting point and should be supplemented by functional rehabilitation, exercises to optimise any remaining cuff and. Tears of the rotator cuff are one of the most common injuries to any tendon in the human body. This can happen when the cuff is weak, the bursa is swollen or if there is a bone spur present. It causes pain, weakness, and reduced mobility of the shoulder joint. Rotator cuff tear must not go untreated as it does not heal on its own, aggravated symptoms and complications are encountered. It remains unclear, however, why similar tears often have very different functional consequences. (2003). 001). Rotator cuff tears are one of the leading causes of shoulder pain and disability. Conclusion: Tears of the deltoid muscle or tendon is an unusual finding, but they can be seen in patients with chronic massive rotator cuff tears. This can be due to a tear, inflammation or narrowing of the space within the shoulder joint. In addition to their. National Center for Biotechnology InformationICD 10 for tendinopathy of shoulder-pathy is defined as: denoting disorder in a particular part of the body. 2. 2. Although the anatomy of the short external rotator muscles is approximately known , there is no detailed quantitative information regarding the location of their tendon insertions. of arm / humerus at shoulder [1] Deltoid muscle. Mapping of the attachment site was performed. Radiology report. 697, p = 0. We correlated greater tuberosity changes seen on radiography with rotator cuff disease seen on MR images in a broadly symptomatic patient population. Posterior stretch. a fall or lifting a heavyweight. The meaning of ROTATOR is one that rotates or causes rotation; especially, pluralrotatorsorrotatores : a muscle that partially rotates a part on its axis. The cause of a rotator cuff tear can be traumatic or attritional. Rotator cuff repair failure is a broad term that may include not just lack of healing of the rotator cuff repair but also other complications, such as infection or postoperative stiffness, that lead to a poor outcome. You may feel more pain when you: Lie down, especially on the injured shoulder. The objective of this study was to explore the relationship of hyperlipidemia and rotator cuff diseases. Basically shoulder impingement is a clinical diagnosis. A rotator cuff tear requires a significant amount of force if the person is younger than 30 years of age. 2012. Hold 3 seconds and repeat 12 -15 times . Of the seven scapulohumeral. Rotator cuff tendinitis, also commonly called shoulder bursitis or impingement syndrome, is a common shoulder problem where the rotator cuff tendons become inflamed, irritated, and swollen as the result of being pinched. The report of rotator cuff tears, particularly if massive should include the following 1,3: the lesion size – anteroposterior and mediolateral. Referred pain from the neck, heart, or lungs. The function of the rotator cuff is to stabilize the arm into the shoulder socket. Injuries and overuse can harm it, leading to inflammation of the connective tissues. Rotator cuff tear pathogenesis is still unknown. Introduction. It occurs within the midsubstance of the cuff, 1 to 2 cm proximal to its insertion. The dimensions and extent of. There are many types and levels of rotator cuff tears. and to do surgery such as ‘clean up’ the joint, fix the rotator cuff tendons, remove pieces of bone or tissue, or address other problems such as a dislocating shoulder. There’s a massage technique that can help with that – cross-fiber friction massage. infraspinatus muscle. A rotator cuff tear can occur in two ways: repeated microtrauma. The rotator cuff muscles act together as dynamic stabilizers of the anatomically unstable gleno-humeral joint. Classically, the condition will end by spontaneous resolution and it is uncommon to see other signs of degenerative changes [ 2 ]. Rotator cuff tendonitis is the inflammation or irritation of the tendons and muscles in the shoulder joint. Introduction. . 2 RCRD includes a spectrum of conditions such as tendinopathy, subacromial bursitis and acute and chronic tears. After undergoing rotator cuff repair, the arm is kept in a sling for approximately six weeks after surgery to allow things to heal. Abstract. Advertisement. coracoacromial arch, the humerus can “pinch” the rotator cuff tendon into the arch. Surgery might be a better option if you don’t have the time to allow your rotator cuff to heal on its own. The clinical outcome was assessed according to the. The rotator cuff is a group of four muscles and their associated tendons that originate from locations on the scapula and insert onto the humeral head. The rotator cuff is a natural reduction of the muscle-tendon unit in old adults . Damage to the rotator cuff is called rotator. In most people, tendinitis resolves with treatment. The rotator cuff tendons provide strength and stability during motion of the shoulder. & wilk, k. A tendon tear will alter the normal MRI appearance, leading to the diagnosis. Isometric exercises are muscle tightening exercises performed with no joint movement. The aim of this review is to summarize the current rotator cuff degeneration assessment tools, the effects of poor muscle quality on patient outcomes, the role of fibro-adipogenic progenitors in mediating muscle pathology. The rotator cuff is actually a group of 4 small muscles. The tendons can be torn from overuse, injury, or wearing away over time. Various theories and observations have since been made as to the origin of these tears. Surgery to repair a torn rotator cuff most often involves re-attaching the tendon to the head of humerus (upper arm bone). The rotator cuff is a group of muscles and tendons that surround the shoulder joint. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can reveal the existence and severity of rotator cuff tears. Sometimes one or more tendons become detached from the. The tendons work together to stabilize the joint, rotate the shoulder, and lift the arm above the head. Background: Management of massive irreparable posterior-superior rotator cuff tear can be very challenging. As we’ve discussed in many articles before, there’s a good amount of research showing that surgery is largely ineffective for many types of rotator cuff tears (1). The rotator cuff is a group of muscles and tendons that surround the shoulder joint, keeping the head of the upper arm bone firmly within the shallow socket of the shoulder. rotator cuff is a group of four muscles and tendons that the humerus to the scapula. questions regarding the progress of any specific patient are encouraged, and should be directed to corey a. piriformis. Re-tear following rotator cuff repair is common and has been reported to range from between 13 and 94% despite satisfactory clinical outcomes following rotator cuff surgery. 011A - other international versions of ICD-10 S46. 9_ (1 or 2 for right or left or 0 for unspecified shoulder). Often, tendons can be repaired. Rotator cuff tears are a common problem. Physical therapy is often recommended as an initial treatment for rotator cuff pain. 2, range 15-59 years). Rotator cuff problems. We understand the importance of providing towers with the ultimate piece of equipment. The function of the cuff is to center the head of the humerus in the socket and move the arm. When you have rotator cuff pain, range-of-motion and strengthening exercises are key. Many, many people have tendinosis of the rotator cuff and do not even know it. Shoulder weakness is the No. Patients with rotator cuff tendinopathy were recruited and randomized to 12 weeks of high-load exercise vs low-load exercise and stratified for concomitant administration of corticosteroid injection. There is strong evidence suggesting that high baseline pain and disability and previous. Objectives To examine the effectiveness of isolated hip abductor and external rotator strengthening on pain, health status, and hip strength in females with patellofemoral pain (PFP). The report of rotator cuff tears, particularly if massive should include the following 1,3: the lesion size – anteroposterior and mediolateral. After rotator cuff surgery, it is important to wear clothing that is comfortable and easy to put on and take off. 5 years) with arthroscopically. Over time, the inflammation in the shoulder will gradually calm down and people will make a full recovery. Step 3: Bring that injured arm across your body, stretching the shoulder. Review characteristics of the anterior rotator cuff, subscapularis and posterior rotator cuff, and supraspinatus and infraspinatus for partial- and full-thickness and massive tears. These tears most commonly occur at the tenoperiosteal. You may be familiar with terms such as ‘bursitis’, ‘tendinitis’ and ‘impingement’, however your shoulder pain is often due to a combination of factors. The supraspinatus muscle, the most superiorly located of the rotator cuff muscles, resides in the supraspinous fossa of the scapula, superior to the scapular spine. Many of the patients with pain in the shoulder are treated under medicine by orthopedic surgeons [ 8 , 9 ] because 30–70% of painful shoulders patients are related cases of rotator cuff disorders [ 7 ]. A rotator cuff tear involves the tearing of one or more tendons of the rotator cuff muscles, namely supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis. However, The Jobe or empty can test and the full can test could be used to evaluate. When rotator cuff tendons are injured or damaged, the bursa can. Better reflexes. Aims: In patients with a rotator cuff tear, tear pattern and tendon involvement are known risk factors for the development of pseudoparalysis of the shoulder. Advertisement. 7% of cases one year later [2]. Rotator cuff injury is a common cause of shoulder pain, especially in older and active people. supraspinatus tendon tear (most common) infraspinatus tendon tear. An injury to this group is common, especially in people who work with their arms a lot. Speak with your physician if you have any concerns. Arthroscopic repair is often used for patients with small- to medium-sized tears (about 3 cm or smaller). Rotator cuff tendinosis is characterized by tendon degeneration (tendinopathy), leading to pain with movement. ligaments. 5% and annual prevalence from 0. These tendons are in a constant state of rebuilding and breaking down. Teres minor. 111. Reported outcomes have been favorable with open, mini-open, and arthroscopic repairs. 1. Rotator cuff tendinosis is a very common cause of shoulder pain in the adult population. This study aimed to investigate immunohistochemically the presence of estrogen receptor-alpha (ER-⍺), estrogen receptor-beta (ER-β) and. 1 - other international versions of ICD. Rotator cuff tendon (RCT) pathology is the most common cause of shoulder pain. Follow these guidelines to correctly use a TENS unit to treat your rotator cuff injury. Supraspinatus. 8. Rotator cuff pain can be caused by playing sports that involve throwing or overhead reaching, such as baseball and swimming. 025) but not for the non-throwing shoulders (p > 0. pain when raising or lowering the arm. 111. Numerous animal and human studies have attempted to elucidate the etiology of fatty infiltration and rotator cuff atrophy. Physical therapy and the occasional. The rotator cuff is a collection of muscles and tendons that keep the bones of your shoulder joint in place. doi: 10. Typically, these injections contain an irritant such as dextrose or saline (sugar water or salt water). The mean methodological score was 49% (standard deviation 16%), indicating an overall high risk of bias. Slowly pull elbows back, squeezing your shoulder blades together . One cause of failure is over-tension at the repair site that will be covered with the tendon stump. It can be from an acute injury or from repetitive strains. This systematic review summarizes the latest research on rehabilitation following arthroscopic rotator. History should include: pain characteristics, stiffness, instability. The increasing number of shoulder rotator cuff, labrum, and biceps tendon repairs performed in the United States also makes this task a frequent occurrence. Symptoms. Note how steps 3-5 allows the exercise to focus only on the eccentric phase. We understand the importance of providing towers with the ultimate piece of equipment. Together, they are responsible for protecting and providing dynamic stability to the shoulder joint, while individually, they. If left untreated, rotator cuff tendinitis can worsen and lead to a partially or completely torn tendon. Shoulder adhesive capsulitis; 3. It may also cause damage to the shoulder joint. When it starts to dissolve, the inflammation can be intense. Thirteen male patients were scheduled for arthroscopic rotator cuff repair, and 13 healthy male. The iliopsoas muscle Two individual muscles called the psoas major and the. rotator cuff muscles, which are all innervated by C5 and C6, are the SITS. The tendon of the muscle extends laterally, passing under the acromion process and over the head of the humerus, blending into the glenohumeral joint capsule to insert onto the. 03. Following a well-structured conditioning program will also help you return to sports and other recreational activities. It's a combination of muscles and tendons that control movement and maintain the shoulder's stability. Individualization of the exercise prescription, comprehension and motivation of the patients, and the. 0-T unit (Achieva TX; Philips Medical System, Eindhoven, the Netherlands) and a dedicated shoulder array. 2017. Rotator cuff arthropathy is a specific pattern of shoulder degenerative joint disease that results from a rotator cuff tear leading to abnormal glenohumeral wear and subsequent superior migration of the humeral head. Doing these lifts with exceptionally heavy weights places more pressure on the rotator cuff. The shoulder has a unique arrangement of muscle and bone. Method An intramedullary nail with a circular plate equipped with a protractor was installed in the femur of nine normal hips. The management of massive irreparable tears of the rotator cuff is a challenging problem, especially in the young and active individual. Injury to the musculoskeletal structures is known as RC disease (RCD). description of tendon retraction e. 1 The annual cost of treating shoulder pain was $7 billion in the year 2000 in the United States. The main function of the rotator cuff is to stabilize and center the humeral head in the glenoid cavity during movements of the arm by compressing the humeral head against the glenoid. This fusion occurs approximately ½ to ¾ inch from the point of. Objective: To perform a systematic review on the efficacy of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for the treatment of rotator cuff tendinopathy in adults. When you have rotator cuff pain, range-of-motion and strengthening exercises are key. sudden, sharp pain when reaching or lifting a clicking sound when using the shoulder Playing some sports involves moving in ways that tend to become painful as rotator cuff. Some people experience pain all of a sudden, while. 2, 3, 4 Therefore, most studies focus on the function of. Problems occur when part of the rotator cuff becomes irritated or damaged. 05). Then rotate the upper arm so your palm and forearm face forward. One that rotates. A rotator cuff tear can be caused by different things. Muscles of the gluteal and posterior femoral regions seen from the front. The primary outcome was change from baseline to 12 weeks in the DASH questionnaire, assessed in the intention-to-treat population. Such pain also occurs while performing overhead activities or usually happens in the night. Rotator Cuff . A previous study introduced a method of conservative treatment of irreparable rotator cuff tears (RCTs) using a rehabilitation program (anterior deltoid. The rotator cuff is a group of muscles and tendons in the shoulder. It occurs when the tendons and muscles that help to move the shoulder joint are inflamed or irritated. I have yet to meet a surgeon who does not prescribe the usage of a shoulder sling. Tendonitis of your shoulder is an inflammation of your rotator cuff and/or biceps tendon. innervation. For the throwing shoulders of the G group, there was a significant positive correlation between GIRD and SWE (r = 0. 3) Listen to Your Shoulders. Stand up and relax the shoulders. Muscle atrophy means a gradual shrinking of the muscle tissue as a result of inactivity or disease, and atrophy of the rotator cuff muscle may occur for a variety of reasons such cuffas aging, disuse, diabetes, and suprascapular nerve injury, with the most common being chronic rotator cuff tears. injury is typically due to tear or tendinopathy. The supraspinatus is the principal supporting and kinetic muscle of the shoulder. Most commonly rotator cuff tears are degenerative in nature however acute tears are also seen with shoulder injuries. DESIGN: Clinical practice guideline. All of the literature on this subject consists of retrospective studies and case reports . Relevance: Musculoskeletal disorders of the shoulder are extremely common, with reports of prevalence ranging from one in three people experiencing shoulder pain at some stage of their lives to approximately half the. These muscles are attached to the bone by tendons that blend together to form a cuff that surrounds. The purpose of this article is to review the current evidence regarding the outcomes of surgical techniques in rotator cuff surgery. The rotator cuff muscles generate torque forces to move the humerus while acting in concord to produce balanced compressive forces to stabilize the glenohumeral joint. Rotator Cuff Injury. The hand of the uninjured arm holds the elbow region of the injured one. Many rotator cuff injuries in the weightlifting community occur when lifting above your head. 697, p = 0. With the advent of newer techniques, good to excellent results can be expected in the appropriately selected and compliant patient. Their action is to increase circulation for healing and strengthening muscles with minimal joint irritation. Rotator cuff injuries are the most common cause of shoulder pain and limitation of activities in sports in all age groups. Tendinosis of the rotator cuff is a degenerative (genetic, age or activity related) change that occurs in our rotator cuff tendons over time. Rotator cuff pathology is most often due to age-related degeneration, with studies reporting tears in up to 54% of. So, recovery can vary from person to person. Infraspinatus. Anatomic: Gross and microscopic. A computerized search using. Patch augmentation may be performed in a number of forms. This is why it’s best to seek treatment for a torn rotator cuff as soon as. 3% to 5. Rotator Cuff Repair: A Guide to Recovery After Surgery • 104 - 3551 Blanshard St. 4, 7 Diebold et al. Rotator cuff tendinitis may also be referred to as shoulder bursitis, shoulder impingement or biceps tendinitis. It often happens as you get older and is a common injury among painters, window cleaners, carpenters and stock clerks who must lift boxes over their heads. Twenty-eight. NYU Langone doctors may recommend several nonsurgical treatments for a torn rotator cuff. jse. Arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (ARCR) can provide excellent clinical results for patients who fail to respond to conservative management of symptomatic rotator cuff tears. 5 cm before insertion. Types of rotator cuff injuries. The rotator cuff is a group of four muscles that come together as tendons to form a "cuff," or cover, over the head of the humerus (upper arm bone). What is Rotator Cuff Arthropathy. Reach behind your back. Rotator Cuff and Shoulder Conditioning Program. The rotator cuff (RC) consists of supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis muscles and tendons. Calcific tendinitis is calcification within a viable and well vascularized rotator cuff. Rotator cuff tears can affect each one of the rotator cuff tendons and often more than one 3-5: subscapularis tendon tear. An NFL sideline can be a dangerous place for players and coaches — just ask Pittsburgh Steelers special team coach Danny Smith. Using these small incisions can reduce pain and improve recovery long term. Objective: To systematically review and evaluate the efficacy and complication profile of prolotherapy using hyperosmolar dextrose solution injection for rotator cuff tendinopathy. Objective: To observe the therapeutic effect of electro-acupuncture on tendon healing and functional recovery of rotator cuff injury in rats and explore the therapeutic mechanism of electro-acupuncture. The glenohumeral (GH) joint is highly mobile, allowing a large range of movement, but this comes at the cost of stability.